How to Install a Mortared Shower Pan

Replace an unsound subfloor with 3/4-inch exterior plywood. Cut pressure-treated bottom plates and pre-assemble the walls, centering the studs every 16 inches. Erect and brace the walls. Fasten the bottom plates to the floor with 3-inch decking screws and tie the top corners together. Toenail 2x10 blocking between the studs to support the sides of the membrane. Build the curb from three pressure-treated 2x4s. Tack 3/4-inch guides around the perimeter (not necessary for stalls larger than 4 feet on both sides). Cut a hole in the center of the floor for the lower drain plate.

To fit the lower drain plate, cut a hole in the floor with a hole saw or jigsaw (drilling a starter hole first). Coat the bottom of the lower drain with beads of silicone—one outside and one inside the bolt circle.

Coat the interior of the drain with PVC primer and cement, and twist the drain onto the waste line. Let the cement dry and insert the drain bolts into the lower drain plate, leaving about 3/4 inch exposed.

To build the sloped sub-base, cut a piece of 15-pound felt to fit the floor area between the bottom plates or the 3/4-inch float guides and staple the felt to the floor. Cut a section of metal lath to the same dimensions. The metal gives the floor a "tooth" for the mortar. Set the metal lath in place and snip out a circle about an inch wider than the circumference of the drain. Staple the entire sheet of metal lath securely to the floor, flattening any bumps that could weaken the sub-base.

Using bagged sand mix from your home center (or 4 parts sand, 1 part portland cement), mix up a batch of dry deck mud with latex additive (not water). Mix the mortar in a wheelbarrow (not a bucket). Dump the mortar onto the floor, spreading it with a wood float and sloping it from the top of the guides (or the bottom wall plate on larger stalls) to the top of the drain flange. Compact the mortar into an even surface and let it dry overnight.

Roll out the membrane on the surrounding floor. Mark the cut lines 9 inches larger than the shower floor on the sides and back, and 16 inches larger in the front (to cover all faces of the curb). If the stall is larger than the membrane, solvent-weld additional sections. Reinforce the drain area by solvent-welding a 10-inch circle of membrane in the center, folding the edges, and rolling or folding the membrane so it fits easily in the enclosure.

Set the membrane on the floor of the enclosure and unroll it from front to back, pulling it forward until it covers the front of the curb. Working from the drain outward, smooth out the air bubbles. Then staple the top 1 inch of the sheet to the blocking. Weld the corners and cut the sheet at the bottom of the jambs. Fold the sheet over the curb and tack it only on the front. Solvent-weld a dam corner (available from the manufacturer) over the jamb cuts.

To cut the membrane so the bolts will be exposed, feel around each raised bolt head and press the membrane down until the profile of the bolt shows clearly. Then with a sharp utility knife, cut a 3/8-inch "X" in the membrane over the bolts—just enough to allow you to push the membrane over the bolt head. Then unscrew the bolts so you can fasten the upper drain plate.

Position the upper drain plate so the holes are directly above the X-cuts in the membrane. Don't seal the underside of this plate with silicone—it will clog the weep holes. Reinsert the bolts in the holes, turn the plate to lock it, if necessary, and tighten the bolts evenly with a wrench. Using a long sharp knife, carefully cut away the membrane in the drain hole. (Don't use a utility knife. Its blade is not long enough to make a clean cut.)

After stapling the membrane along its length, you will have excess material at the corners. Fold the corners into triangles and solvent-weld the folds in place. To check for leaks in the membrane, plug the drain hole with an expandable stopper, which you can purchase at a hardware store.

Fill the pan with water to about an inch from the top of the membrane. Let the water come to rest, mark its level on the side of the pan, and let the water sit for 24 hours. Then check the level. If it's still at the mark, the pan is watertight. If the water is below the mark, the membrane has a leak somewhere. Check the surrounding floor for water, which would have come from a leak in the side. If there's no evidence of water, pull the plug, expand its diameter a little, and repeat the test.

If the water has drained out completely, it's probably leaking at the drain flange, which is either too loose or too tight (and may have cut the membrane). Tighten the bolts if they feel too loose. If the flange has cut the membrane, remove the drain plate, let the membrane dry completely, and solvent-weld a patch at least 2 inches larger than the puncture.

Wrap the threads of the strainer with four or five turns of plumber's tape and screw the strainer into the flange. To protect the strainer and drain from stray mortar and thinset, apply two layers of crisscrossed masking tape. Overlap the tape and cut it flush around the edge of the strainer.

If any of the walls are outside walls, insulate them with fiberglass batts. Then cut sheets of 4-millimeter polyethylene waterproofing membrane long enough to hang from the top of the walls down to 3 or 4 inches below the top edge of the pan membrane. Use only four or five staples on each stud to attach the poly, the minimum necessary to keep it in place. Make sure you don't put staples through the pan membrane lower than 1 inch from the top.

Clean off any grit with a damp cloth. As added protection you can cover the liner with a drop cloth to prevent a backerboard corner from puncturing it. Cut backerboard to fit the walls and set it on 1/2-inch shims. Fasten the backerboard to the studs with backerboard screws; keep the screws within the top 1 inch of the pan membrane. Remove the shims and caulk the space at the bottom with silicone. Tape and mud the seams with modified thinset.

Mark the slope on the walls. Protect the weep holes from clogging and mix up another batch of dry mortar. Spread the mortar about halfway to your marks, keeping the slope at about one-third of a bubble on a level. Lay metal lath over the first course, then pack and level a top layer, starting at the wall, even with the marks. Work in sections, sloping the floor toward the drain. Bend lath to fit the curb and pack it, slanting the top inward.

Weep holes allow moisture trapped in the mortar bed to escape down the drain. If the moisture can't go down, it will go up—into your grout, causing mold and mildew. To keep the weep holes from clogging with mortar, put a few spacers or pieces of gravel around them.

Using a torpedo level or 2-foot level (the longest size that will fit the enclosure), transfer the plane of the bottom of the strainer to the walls and the curb. Mark the plane on the backerboard with a felt-tip pen.

The floor of the pan must slope 1/4 inch for every linear foot. Compute the amount of slope based on the dimensions of the enclosure and mark this point on the backerboard.

When the floor has dried, scrape off any remaining imperfections with a steel trowel, then spread and comb latex-modified thinset. Press the tiles firmly into the mortar to make sure they conform to the slope of the floor. Line up all the edges with a 2-foot straightedge and let the mortar cure overnight. Grout the tiles with latex-modified grout, cleaning off the excess and wiping the grout haze.