Garden Pest Control Methods to Protect Your Plants

To keep your plants healthy and thriving, you’ll have to keep up with garden pest control. Pests are not just a nuisance—they're a growing threat to plant health and biodiversity worldwide.

Try the Easy Options First

Sometimes, it’s as simple as plucking off larger insects or blasting them off with a surge of water. If you’re squeamish about picking off insects, try using a small hand-held vacuum on sturdier plants instead. 

If aphids are a problem, you can simply reduce your use of nitrogen-rich fertilizer, which means you’ll get plants with tougher leaves (aphids gravitate to newer, softer growth).

Add Plants That Repel Pests

Think about adding plants to your garden that turn off common pests because of their scent or other properties. Japanese beetles, aphids, and cabbage loopers, for instance, tend to stay away from garlic. Fragrant plants, such as rosemary, can also repel pests, including slugs and snails.

In addition, try attracting beneficial insects, as well as birds and other natural predators, to help you do the pest control work.

Here's how to identify and control some common pests so your garden can shine.

1. Aphids

What they look like: Tiny, pear-shaped, and soft-bodied, aphids can be yellow, white, red, or black and either winged or wingless. A white cottony form of aphid prefers fruit trees.

Plant damage: Aphids are typically found clustering on the tender new growth of plants, where they suck sap, causing distorted leaves and flowers. Although it can be startling to find hundreds of them clustered on a plant stem, they rarely do enough damage to kill a plant. So, unless they're affecting a large agricultural crop, they aren't usually a cause for great concern.

Garden pest control method: A strong spray of water from a hose knocks them off plants. Or cut off the affected stem and crush it on the ground. A spray of insecticidal soap works, too, but the area of the plant where they've been feeding will still show some distortion as it grows.

Ladybug larvae and lacewings (beneficial insects) can help bring aphids under control. Keep in mind that any method used to control or destroy the aphids will also affect the beneficial insects that feed on them.

2. Caterpillars & Worms

What they look like: Caterpillars (sometimes confused with worms) are the larval stage of moths and butterflies. This makes them trickier to deal with because many will turn into the pollinators that your garden needs. And who doesn't love butterflies?

Plant damage: Caterpillars and worms feed on plants, consuming leaves and stems.

Garden pest control method: Unless they are devastating the plants they're feeding on, larvae can be left alone; pick them off by hand if necessary. Naturally occurring parasites, such as some tiny wasps, attack caterpillars; look for small white eggs on the backs of caterpillars as evidence they are present.

Discourage moths from laying eggs by using floating row covers over young plants, but make sure to remove the row covers when vegetable plants begin to flower so they may be pollinated. Drenching with a biological insecticide that contains Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) is harmless to people, animals, and adult insects but very successful for protecting crops such as broccoli and cabbage from caterpillars.

3. Flea Beetles

What they look like: Tiny black or gray beetles are less than ⅛-inch long. They will hop away like a flea or cricket when disturbed.

Plant damage: Many scattered pits or small, ragged holes in leaves, typically appearing in spring and early summer.

Garden pest control method: Protect young seedlings from flea beetles with floating row covers until the plants begin to flower. Older plants growing rapidly in hot weather often suffer little from flea beetle feedings. Yellow sticky traps will attract flea beetles.

Unless the infestation is severe, healthy plants can survive some flea beetle damage. Their natural predators, particularly parasitic wasps, often keep the population down. To attract the tiny, stingless parasitic wasps, grow their favorite nectar plants such as sweet alyssum, dill, fennel, and catnip.

If infestations of flea beetles become severe, spraying with neem oil or a spray containing spinosad can help control them. Other chemical pesticides are labeled for flea beetle control, but read labels carefully to determine how they can be safely used.

4. Japanese Beetles

What they look like: Metallic blue or green, Japanese beetles are ½-inch long and have coppery wings.

Plant damage: Japanese beetles are voracious eaters: Adult beetles consume leaves and flowers, leaving behind only leaf veins. Common targets include roses and hibiscus, but hundreds of plants are favored by Japanese beetles. The larvae (grubs) of Japanese beetles can also be a problem in lawns. They overwinter in the soil and eat grass roots in spring before emerging as adult beetles. Heavy infestations in turf grasses weaken lawns and allow weeds to take over.

Garden pest control method: Handpick Japanese beetles daily as soon as they appear and dispose of them in a container of soapy water. Pesticide sprays can kill adult beetles but provide no ongoing protection from further infestations; the beetles can fly from considerable distances to find food.

Botanical and chemical treatments for grubs in lawns must be timed carefully. Though they may be effective, controlling the grubs won't prevent adult beetles from feeding on your landscape plants. Beetle traps are ineffective because they attract even more beetles to your yard. The best defense against these pests is choosing plants that they find less desirable.

5. Mealybugs

What they look like: Mealybugs are small, sap-sucking, cottony insects.

Plant damage: Mealybugs suck sap from plants, causing distorted and limited growth and leaf loss. They secrete honeydew as they eat, which can attract ants and lead to the growth of sooty mold.

Garden pest control method: In the garden, grow small-flowered nectar plants, such as sweet alyssum and yarrow. These blooms will attract natural predators, including ladybugs, mealybug destroyers, and green lacewing larvae. Remove mealybugs from plants with strong sprays of water or swabbing with alcohol-dipped cotton swabs.

If the infestation is heavy, spraying with insecticidal soap, neem, or an insecticide with pyrethrins can also help control mealybugs. Follow the label directions carefully to avoid damaging plants and beneficial insects.

6. Scale Insects

What they look like: Although there are several kinds of scale insects, all begin as crawlers, which are mobile until they find a suitable plant feeding location. Once settled, the 1/16-inch-long scale insects become immobile and develop hard, oval shells that are difficult to distinguish from bark.

Plant damage: Scale insects suck out vital plant fluids, which leads to stunted leaves and needles, yellowing, and twig and branch dieback.

Garden pest control method: In late winter, spray woody plants with dormant oil to suffocate the pests. In spring and summer, spray plants with neem or a lightweight horticultural oil.

7. Slugs & Snails

What they look like: Slimy and black or brown, slugs look similar to short worms but have tiny antennae. Snails look like slugs but have hard circular shells on their backs that they can retreat into when disturbed.

Plant damage: Slugs and snails eat holes into leaves and flowers. They feed at night and on cloudy days, leaving shiny slime trails.

Garden pest control method: Slugs and snails prefer moist, cool areas. You can find slugs and snails hiding under mulch, garden debris, or near rocks; at dusk, handpick and dispose of them in a jar of soapy water. Set several traps of shallow saucers filled with beer at ground level; discard drowned slugs and snails and refill the traps frequently.

Various commercial poisonous snail baits are available, but check labels for products that can be harmful to children, pets, and wildlife or to earthworms and other beneficial insects. Baits with iron phosphate are safe for organic food crops.

One-inch high and wide barriers of diatomaceous earth around plants will deter slugs and snails, but only as long as it's dry—they become ineffective when wet. Copper and salt barriers have limited effectiveness.

8. Tent Caterpillars

What they look like: Tent caterpillars are the larvae of several different species of moths. The adult moth lays eggs on tree branches, and the colony of larvae shelter in large silken 'tents' or webs they create as they feed on leaves.

Plant damage: Larvae of tent-making caterpillars and fall webworms eat the leaves of trees. While more an unattractive nuisance than a threat to your plants, multiple nests of tent-making caterpillars in a tree can defoliate it. If repeated for several years, this can weaken the tree enough to make it more susceptible to worse pests and diseases.

Garden pest control method: Tent-making caterpillars have many predators (birds and other insects), so they rarely cause enough damage to harm plants. Damage can be reduced by removing tents and caterpillars while they're still small.

Cool mornings or late evenings when the caterpillars are in their tent is the best time to remove it with a pole or gloved hands (though the larvae are not harmful to humans.) Destroy the nest by burning or crushing it after removal from the tree. Insecticidal control may be warranted after sustained, high levels of damage over several seasons.